语法
一、语法综述¶
动词(动作)¶
- 可以独立完成的动作：主语+不及物动词 Papa Rabbit sleeps.
- 有1个动作的承受者：主语+单及物动词+宾语 Papa Rabbit likes you.
- 有2个动作的承受者: 主语+双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Papa Rabbit teaches you English
-
只有1个动作的承受者 (但需补充) ：主语+复杂及物动词+宾语 +(宾语)补语 Papa Rabbit considers you smart.
-
非动作：主语 + 连系动词 + (主话)补语/表语 Papa Rabbit is tall.
五种基本句型¶
- 无需承受者（宾语）：主语+不及物动词
- 一个宾语，无补充信息：主语+单及物动词+宾语
- 两个宾语：主语+双及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
- 一个宾语+补充信息：主语+复杂及物动词+宾语 +(宾语)补语
- 赋予信息：主语 + 连系动词 + (主话)补语/表语
句子成分¶
- 主语
- 谓语动词
- 宾语
- 宾语补语
- 主语补语
- 定语
- 状语
- 同位语
句子的分类¶
1. 简单句¶
主语(人/物) + 谓语(动作/发生了什么事)
2. 复合句¶
3. 复杂句¶
一个句子(主句)套另一个句子(从句)
- 名词性从句
- 简单句作主语-->主语从句
- 简单句做宾语-->宾语从句
- 简单句做表语-->表语从句
- 简单句做同位语-->同位语从句
- 定语从句
- 简单句作定语-->定语从句
- 状语从句
- 简单句作状语-->状语从句
词性(词类)¶
- 名词
- 冠词
- 代词
- 形容词
- 数词
- 副词
- 介词
- 叹词
- 连词
- 动词
谓语动词的"三大本领"¶
- 动作时间
- 现在
- 过去
- 将来
- 过去将来
- 动作状态
- 一般
- 完成
- 进行
- 完成进行
- 动作假设，情感
- 虚拟语气
- 称述语气
- 祈使语气
助动词¶
- 协助表示"吃过了（完成）"-> have -> have eat
- 协助表示"正在吃（进行）"-> be -> is eating
- 协助表示"被吃" -> be -> is eaten
- 协助表示"有能力吃" -> can -> can eat
- 协助表示"有可能吃" -> might -> might eat
- 协助表示"有义务吃" -> must -> must eat
- 协助表示"不吃" do -> do not eat
非谓语动词¶
动词可以充当：
- 谓语动词
- 主语（非谓语动词）
- 宾语（非谓语动词）
- 宾语补语（非谓语动词）
- 主语补语（非谓语动词）
- 定语（非谓语动词）
- ...
非谓语动词可以取代所有的从句，从而简化句子。
非谓语动词分类
- 动词不定式
- 现在分词
- 动名词
- 过去分词
二、动词分类¶
1. 可做谓语动词¶
实义动词
- 按动作承受者划分
- 及物动词
- 不及物动词
- 按状态动作划分
- 动作动词
- 状态动词
连系动词
2. 可辅助构成谓语动词¶
助动词
情态动词
3. 不可做谓语动词¶
非谓语动词
- 不定时
- 过去分词
- 现在分词
- 动名词
三、动词时态¶
1. 一般现在时¶
结构¶
- +动词原形
- +动词原形 + s (第三人称单数)
作用¶
- 表达事实 The sun rises in the east.
- 表达习惯/重复的动作 I play basketball.
- 表达预计发生的事 The bus leaves at 8PM every day.
2. 现在进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词be的变位(am/is/are)+动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达某事在说话时正在进行
- 表达某些事在将来要发生
3. 现在完成时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(have/has)+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达一件事情已经完成
4. 现在完成进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(have/has) + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达一件事在某一时间内发生了但还未结束
5. 一般过去时¶
结构¶
- +动词过去式(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达一件事在过去某时刻已完成
6. 过去进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词be的变位(was/were)+动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达在过去某时间点该动作正在进行
7. 过去完成时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(had)+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达过去某一点A的过去B对过去那一点A的影响
8. 过去完成进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(had) + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 对于过去某个点，不但已经完成一部分，而且 还过去那一点之后，继续一段时间
9. 一般将来时¶
结构¶
- will + 动词原形
作用¶
- 描述将来某个时间点发生的动作
10. 将来进行时¶
结构¶
- will + be + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 将来某个时间，某个动作时进行的过程中
11. 将来完成时¶
结构¶
- will + have+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达将来某一点 (A) 的过去 (B)（和现在的前后不确定）对将来那一点 (A) 的影响
12. 将来完成进行时¶
结构¶
- will + have + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达对于将来某个点，不但已经完成了一部分，而且还要继续进行的动作
13. 一般过去将来时¶
结构¶
- would + 动词原形
- was/were + going + to
作用¶
- 过去的将来
14. 过去将来进行时¶
结构¶
- would + be + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
15. 过去将来完成时¶
结构¶
- would + have + 动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
16. 过去将来完成进行时¶
结构¶
- would + have + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
四、动词语气¶
1. 陈述语气¶
描述现实
2. 祈使语气¶
命令/请求
- 用第二人称("你")用一般现在时态
- 去掉”你“，并保证动词原形
You be quiet! -> Be quiet!
3. 虚拟语气¶
1. 表“不可能”假设¶
1. 和现在事实相反¶
条件句：过去式
主句：would+动词原形
If I knew it, I would tell you. 如果我现在知道（但其实并不知道），我现在会告诉你。
2. 将来事实相反¶
条件句：should+动词原形 （shall的过去式)
主句：would+动词原形
If I should meet thee after long years, how should I greet thee? 万一我们将来重逢了，我又该如何面对你呢？（咱俩相会遥遥无期）
3. 和过去事实相反¶
条件句：had+动词过去分词
主句：would have+动词过去分词
If I had watch this video before, I would have aced my test. 我要是之前就看了这视频，那绝对能考个好成绩（我没考出好成绩）。
2. 表达愿望，请求，建议，命令等¶
1. 对现在的希望¶
wish+动词过去式
I wish that I were a rabbit.
2. 对过去的希望¶
wish+had/would have + 动词过去分词
I wish that I had eaten the carrot. 我希望我吃了那个胡萝卜
3. 对将来的希望¶
wish+should|would|could|might+动词原形
I wish that I could eat the carrot. 我希望我能吃那个胡萝卜
wish,would rather,demand,suggest,insist,order... + should + 动词原形
I demand that you should give me a carrot.
五、非谓语动词¶
1. 动词不定式(infinitive)¶
to + 动词原形
To be or not to be, that is the question.
You helped me (to) cook the carrot.
1.1 不定式做主语¶
To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.
1.2 不定式做宾语¶
The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
1.3 不定式做宾语补语¶
The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
see,find,watch,have,make,let这类使役动词后面用不定式做宾补要省略to。
1.4 不定式做定语¶
The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
1.5 不定式做状语¶
- 表原因 I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
- 表目的 I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
- 表结果 I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.
2. 动名词¶
动词原形+ing
2.1 动名词做主语¶
Eating carrots is healthy for the rabbit.
2.2 动名词做主语补语(表语)¶
The rabbit's hobby is growing carrots.
2.3 动名词做定语¶
a sleeping pill = a pill for sleeping
2.4 动名词做宾语¶
The rabbit likes eating carrots.
enjoy,avoid,advise,consider,escape,mind,practice,insist on, give up, feel like, put off只能用动名词
介词+宾语
The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again.
3. 现在分词¶
相当于形容词
a talking rabbit
动名词和现在分词的区别
a sleeping(动名词，用来说明药片的性质，功能，用途) pill = a pill for sleeping
a sleeping(现在分词，相当于形容词) rabbit ≠ a rabbit for sleeping
3.1 现在分词做表语（主语补语）¶
The rabbit is charming.
3.2 现在分词做宾语补足语¶
The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot.
表正在进行中，强调动作进行状态
3.3 现在分词做状语¶
表时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，目的，方式和伴随情况等
Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited.
4. 过去分词¶
不自带时间，不能表示过去时间
动词原形+ed
- 单独一个过去分词作形容词 a painted room, an excited rabbit
- 过去分词短语做定语，则要放在被修饰名词之后，即后置定语 The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious.
4.1 过去分词作主语补语（表语）¶
The rabbit is interested in growing carrot.
4.2 过去分词作宾语补语¶
The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
4.3 过去分词作状语¶
- 表地点 Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
- 表原因 Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit's only work is growing carrots.
- 表条件 Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party.
现在分词与过去分词的区别在于主语与动作之间的主动或被动关系
主动用现在分词；被动用过去分词
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
六、独立主格¶
名词 + 现在分词 The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
名词 + 过去分词 The work finished, the rabbit went home.
名词 + 动词不定式 The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed.
名词 + 名词 Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves.
名词 + 形容词 Many animals went to the party, some of them happy
名词 + 副词 The rabbit sat on a chair, head down.
名词 + 介词短语 The rabbit came in, carrot in hand.
名词 + being + ...
七、助动词&情态动词¶
1. 基本助动词（还可作实义动词）¶
be: The rabbit is eating a carrot.
do
have The rabbit has eaten a carrot.
2. 情态助动词¶
can/could
- 表能力 I can kill a wolf.
- 表请求或许可 Can/Could I borrow your book?
- 表可能性 Anything can happen.
may/might
- 表请求或许可 May/might I borrow your book?
- 表可能性（可能性小于can/cloud） The rabbit isn't here. He may be at home.
- 表祝愿（放句首） May you succeed!
will/would
- 构成将来时 The rabbit will eat a carrot. The rabbit would eat a carrot.
- 表示请求，建议 Will you lend me that book?
- 表推测，假设 Ask him, He will/would konw.
shall
- 构成将来时 I shall be there at 9 AM.
- 表示请求或征求意见 Shall we meet at 9 AM.
- 表警告，命令 You shall not steal.
should
- 表应当
- 表有一定推测 It should rain tomorrow.
- 表当然 It's surprising that he should be late.
- 构成虚拟语气
must
- 表必须
- 表禁止 You must not smoke here
- 表推测 The light is on. The rabbit must be at home.
ought to
- 表应该 与should用法大致相同，但语气更强一些。You ought to treat the rabbit well.
dare/dared
- 实义动词：敢挑战，冒险
- 情态动词：敢 The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.
need
- 实义动词：需要
- 需要，有必要 The rabbit need wait
used to
- 表过去的动词，尤其时重复的动词 The rabbit used to eat apples, Now he only eat carrots.
3. 半助动词¶
be able to 可以表达将来的能力 I'll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.
was/were able to 成功做成某事
be going to 有更强的主观能动性，计划做某事
be about to 马上就要做
bad better 最好做，忠告，警告之意 You had better follow my order.
be to
- 被命令做某事 You are to finish homework first.
- 命中注定 I think they are to fall in love with each other.
系动词（连系动词）¶
作用：赋值 A <- B
I am a rabbit.
The rabbit is smart.
The carrot smells nice.
The room remained empty.
The sky grew dark.
keep, feel, stay, become, seem, appear, prove, turn...
使役动词¶
I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
动词 宾语 宾补
使役动词：需要后接宾语以及宾语补语的动词有好几类，其中表达“使，令，让“的一类动词
make
- +动词原形（裸不定式） I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
- +形容词 The carrot make the wolf full.
let
- +动词原形（裸不定式 ）I let the wolf eat some chocolate.
- +副词 Let me out!
have
- +动词原形（裸不定式） I'll have the wolf wash the dishes.
- +过去分词 I had my car washed.
get
- +完整不定式 I’ll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.
- +过去分词 I got my nails done