动词
一、动词分类¶
1. 可做谓语动词¶
实义动词
- 按动作承受者划分
- 及物动词
- 不及物动词
- 按状态动作划分
- 动作动词
- 状态动词
连系动词
2. 可辅助构成谓语动词¶
助动词
情态动词
3. 不可做谓语动词¶
非谓语动词
- 不定时
- 过去分词
- 现在分词
- 动名词
二、动词时态¶
1. 一般现在时¶
结构¶
- +动词原形
- +动词原形 + s (第三人称单数)
作用¶
- 表达事实 The sun rises in the east.
- 表达习惯/重复的动作 I play basketball.
- 表达预计发生的事 The bus leaves at 8PM every day.
2. 现在进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词be的变位(am/is/are)+动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达某事在说话时正在进行
- 表达某些事在将来要发生
3. 现在完成时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(have/has)+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达一件事情已经完成
4. 现在完成进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(have/has) + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达一件事在某一时间内发生了但还未结束
5. 一般过去时¶
结构¶
- +动词过去式(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达一件事在过去某时刻已完成
6. 过去进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词be的变位(was/were)+动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达在过去某时间点该动作正在进行
7. 过去完成时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(had)+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达过去某一点A的过去B对过去那一点A的影响
8. 过去完成进行时¶
结构¶
- 助动词have的变位(had) + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 对于过去某个点，不但已经完成一部分，而且 还过去那一点之后，继续一段时间
9. 一般将来时¶
结构¶
- will + 动词原形
作用¶
- 描述将来某个时间点发生的动作
10. 将来进行时¶
结构¶
- will + be + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 将来某个时间，某个动作时进行的过程中
11. 将来完成时¶
结构¶
- will + have+动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
作用¶
- 表达将来某一点 (A) 的过去 (B)（和现在的前后不确定）对将来那一点 (A) 的影响
12. 将来完成进行时¶
结构¶
- will + have + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
作用¶
- 表达对于将来某个点，不但已经完成了一部分，而且还要继续进行的动作
13. 一般过去将来时¶
结构¶
- would + 动词原形
- was/were + going + to
作用¶
- 过去的将来
14. 过去将来进行时¶
结构¶
- would + be + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
15. 过去将来完成时¶
结构¶
- would + have + 动词的过去分词(v.+ed)
16. 过去将来完成进行时¶
结构¶
- would + have + been + 动词的现在分词(v.+ing)
三、动词语气¶
1. 陈述语气¶
描述现实
2. 祈使语气¶
命令/请求
- 用第二人称("你")用一般现在时态
- 去掉”你“，并保证动词原形
You be quiet! -> Be quiet!
3. 虚拟语气¶
1. 表“不可能”假设¶
1. 和现在事实相反¶
条件句：过去式
主句：would+动词原形
If I knew it, I would tell you. 如果我现在知道（但其实并不知道），我现在会告诉你。
2. 将来事实相反¶
条件句：should+动词原形 （shall的过去式)
主句：would+动词原形
If I should meet thee after long years, how should I greet thee? 万一我们将来重逢了，我又该如何面对你呢？（咱俩相会遥遥无期）
3. 和过去事实相反¶
条件句：had+动词过去分词
主句：would have+动词过去分词
If I had watch this video before, I would have aced my test. 我要是之前就看了这视频，那绝对能考个好成绩（我没考出好成绩）。
2. 表达愿望，请求，建议，命令等¶
1. 对现在的希望¶
wish+动词过去式
I wish that I were a rabbit.
2. 对过去的希望¶
wish+had/would have + 动词过去分词
I wish that I had eaten the carrot. 我希望我吃了那个胡萝卜
3. 对将来的希望¶
wish+should|would|could|might+动词原形
I wish that I could eat the carrot. 我希望我能吃那个胡萝卜
wish,would rather,demand,suggest,insist,order... + should + 动词原形
I demand that you should give me a carrot.
四、非谓语动词¶
1. 动词不定式(infinitive)¶
to + 动词原形
To be or not to be, that is the question.
You helped me (to) cook the carrot.
1.1 不定式做主语¶
To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.
1.2 不定式做宾语¶
The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
1.3 不定式做宾语补语¶
The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
see,find,watch,have,make,let这类使役动词后面用不定式做宾补要省略to。
1.4 不定式做定语¶
The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
1.5 不定式做状语¶
- 表原因 I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
- 表目的 I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
- 表结果 I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.
2. 动名词¶
动词原形+ing
2.1 动名词做主语¶
Eating carrots is healthy for the rabbit.
2.2 动名词做主语补语(表语)¶
The rabbit's hobby is growing carrots.
2.3 动名词做定语¶
a sleeping pill = a pill for sleeping
2.4 动名词做宾语¶
The rabbit likes eating carrots.
enjoy,avoid,advise,consider,escape,mind,practice,insist on, give up, feel like, put off只能用动名词
介词+宾语
The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again.
3. 现在分词¶
相当于形容词
a talking rabbit
动名词和现在分词的区别
a sleeping(动名词，用来说明药片的性质，功能，用途) pill = a pill for sleeping
a sleeping(现在分词，相当于形容词) rabbit ≠ a rabbit for sleeping
3.1 现在分词做表语（主语补语）¶
The rabbit is charming.
3.2 现在分词做宾语补足语¶
The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot.
表正在进行中，强调动作进行状态
3.3 现在分词做状语¶
表时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，目的，方式和伴随情况等
Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited.
4. 过去分词¶
不自带时间，不能表示过去时间
动词原形+ed
- 单独一个过去分词作形容词 a painted room, an excited rabbit
- 过去分词短语做定语，则要放在被修饰名词之后，即后置定语 The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious.
4.1 过去分词作主语补语（表语）¶
The rabbit is interested in growing carrot.
4.2 过去分词作宾语补语¶
The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
4.3 过去分词作状语¶
- 表地点 Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
- 表原因 Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit's only work is growing carrots.
- 表条件 Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party.
现在分词与过去分词的区别在于主语与动作之间的主动或被动关系
主动用现在分词；被动用过去分词
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
五、助动词&情态动词¶
1. 基本助动词（还可作实义动词）¶
be: The rabbit is eating a carrot.
do
have The rabbit has eaten a carrot.
2. 情态助动词¶
can/could
- 表能力 I can kill a wolf.
- 表请求或许可 Can/Could I borrow your book?
- 表可能性 Anything can happen.
may/might
- 表请求或许可 May/might I borrow your book?
- 表可能性（可能性小于can/cloud） The rabbit isn't here. He may be at home.
- 表祝愿（放句首） May you succeed!
will/would
- 构成将来时 The rabbit will eat a carrot. The rabbit would eat a carrot.
- 表示请求，建议 Will you lend me that book?
- 表推测，假设 Ask him, He will/would konw.
shall
- 构成将来时 I shall be there at 9 AM.
- 表示请求或征求意见 Shall we meet at 9 AM.
- 表警告，命令 You shall not steal.
should
- 表应当
- 表有一定推测 It should rain tomorrow.
- 表当然 It's surprising that he should be late.
- 构成虚拟语气
must
- 表必须
- 表禁止 You must not smoke here
- 表推测 The light is on. The rabbit must be at home.
ought to
- 表应该 与should用法大致相同，但语气更强一些。You ought to treat the rabbit well.
dare/dared
- 实义动词：敢挑战，冒险
- 情态动词：敢 The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.
need
- 实义动词：需要
- 需要，有必要 The rabbit need wait
used to
- 表过去的动词，尤其时重复的动词 The rabbit used to eat apples, Now he only eat carrots.
3. 半助动词¶
be able to 可以表达将来的能力 I'll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.
was/were able to 成功做成某事
be going to 有更强的主观能动性，计划做某事
be about to 马上就要做
bad better 最好做，忠告，警告之意 You had better follow my order.
be to
- 被命令做某事 You are to finish homework first.
- 命中注定 I think they are to fall in love with each other.
六、系动词（连系动词）¶
作用：赋值 A <- B
I am a rabbit.
The rabbit is smart.
The carrot smells nice.
The room remained empty.
The sky grew dark.
keep, feel, stay, become, seem, appear, prove, turn...
七、使役动词¶
I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
使役动词：需要后接宾语以及宾语补语的动词有好几类，其中表达“使，令，让“的一类动词
make
- +动词原形（裸不定式） I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
- +形容词 The carrot make the wolf full.
let
- +动词原形（裸不定式 ）I let the wolf eat some chocolate.
- +副词 Let me out!
have
- +动词原形（裸不定式） I'll have the wolf wash the dishes.
- +过去分词 I had my car washed.
get
- +完整不定式 I’ll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.
- +过去分词 I got my nails done
八、独立主格¶
名词 + 现在分词 The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
名词 + 过去分词 The work finished, the rabbit went home.
名词 + 动词不定式 The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed.
名词 + 名词 Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves.
名词 + 形容词 Many animals went to the party, some of them happy
名词 + 副词 The rabbit sat on a chair, head down.
名词 + 介词短语 The rabbit came in, carrot in hand.
名词 + being + ...