词性

一、冠词¶

1. 不定冠词¶

1.发音¶

a用于辅音音素前：a rabbit, a university
an用于元音音素前：an apple, an hour

2.用法¶

2.1 泛指用法¶

泛指某一个人或物：I saw a rabbit
泛指某一类：A rabbit is smarter than a wolf

2.2 表示数字"1"¶

I gave you a hundred carrots.

2.3 表示"每"¶

I eat 10 carrots a day.

2.4 主谓一致¶

a teacher and video creator.

a teacher and a video creator.

2.5 固定表达¶

have a good time.

as a result

in a hurry

all of a sudden

2.定冠词¶

1. 发音¶

the /ðə/ 用于辅音音素前
the /ði/ 用于元音音素前

2. 用法¶

2.1 特指¶

表示某个或某些特定的人或物
再次提到的人或物
用在序数词和形容词的最高级前 the first rabbit.
独一无二的名词前 the sun, the moon, the earth

2.2 泛指¶

I like play the piano.

2.3 在形容词前¶

代指一类人

2.4 固定表达¶

all the time

3.零冠词¶

1. 复数泛指¶

Rabbits are smart.

Water is important.

2. 泛指‘概念’¶

Summer is hot. Winter is cold.

I want to play football.

in spring

3. 专有名词¶

4. 固定表达¶

from time to time

face to face

二、介词¶

1. 原理¶

介词（附加信息：时间，空间，方式，逻辑） + 名词/代词...

介词：前置词

本义：根源意义，表达明确的空间含义 about : 在...的外面
引申义：衍生含义，表达非空间含义 about: 关于（外围，有涉及，非核心），大约（从外大范围大致数数），针对（从外向内地解决），某人某事有某种特征，到处（在外面来来回回），...

2. 构成形式¶

1. 简单介词¶

in, on, with

2. 短语介词¶

by way of, at the end, along with, because of, pervious to

不能表完整意义

3. 合成介词¶

into, onto, within

4. 分词介词¶

including, regarding, considering, given

3. 常见用法¶

1. 表空间¶

in: 在...里，在空间的内部

in the house, in the park, in the country
There are some birds in the tree(外部事物在树立).

at: 在某处，具体的点

at the bus station

on: 在...上，物体表面上，物体与物体接触

on the table, on the floor
There are some apples on the tree(长在树上).

over: 在...（正）上方，覆盖，越过上空

the bridge over the river
The mother put a blanket over the child.
The plane flew over the mountain.

above: 在...上方(高于平面)

the sky above us

under: 在...（正）下方 -- over

There is a ball under the desk.

below: 在...下方 -- above

The rabbit dived below the surface of the water.

near: 在...附近

There is school near here.

by: 在...旁边

beside: 在...旁边

next to: 在...旁边, 紧挨着

The rabbit sat by/beside/next to the wolf.

accross: （从表面）穿过

go accross the street

through: （从内部）穿过

go through the tunnel
look through the window

past: 经过，路过

int front of: 在...前方

behind: 在...之后

before: 在...之前

She played the violin before the crowd.

between: 在...之间

among. 在...（多数）之间

round/around：围绕

along: 沿着，顺着

to: 向，朝

toward/towards: 朝着..的方向

onto: 到...上

into: 到...里

out of: 从...出来

opposite: 在...对面

against: 与...相反；倚；靠

We were rowing against the current.
The rabbit was leaning against the tree.

up: 沿...向上

down: 沿...向下

off: 离...有一定距离

2. 表时间¶

in: in 2030, in wanter

on: on Monday

at: at 6 o'clock, at noon, at dawn,

during: during the past 2 days

for: I've been learing English for 2 years.

since: since last week

before: before Monday

after: after two years

from...to...

by: by tomorrow 明天之前

until

3. 表方式¶

in: in English

through: We succeed through hard work.

by: 通过；在...旁边

We learn English by watching videos.

with: 用...;和...一起

We write with pens.

on: 在...上面

4. 表原因¶

for

with: ...是和...分不开的原因

The rabbit is shaking with cold.

becasue of + 名词

becasue + 从句

due to

owing to

on account of

5. 表关于¶

about

of: 此外的；附加的

on

6. 表数值¶

at

at a fast rate, at a high price

by: +度量标准

They get paid by the hour.

for: 以...的价钱

I bought there books for 100 Yuan.

7. 表状态¶

in: 在...状态中

on: 受到之下...的支持 on drugs 吃药 on a diet 在节食

at: 在某个状态 at work

under: 在（框架，前提）下 under construction 在施工中

8. 表排除¶

besides: 除了...还

except

except for

4. 介词短语¶

介词（前置词） + 宾语（介词宾语）

Between 10 and 11 is a good time for me.

The meeting is at 2 o'clock.

This is the key to the house.

I found the carrot in good condition.

The rabbit ate a carrot at noon.

5. 固定搭配¶

for example

at ease

in turn

need for

long for 渴望

ready for

短语动词：

check out 退房
make out 分辨
put out 熄灭
pass out 晕倒
work out 健身
look out 小心
knock out 打晕

三、名词¶

1. 普通名词¶

1. 单数&复数¶

2. 可数&不可数¶

2. 专有名词¶

Earth、Asia、China、人名

1. 可数&不可数¶

3. 所有格¶

1. 's¶

the rabbit's carrot.

today's news

2. of¶

the news of taday

3. 双重所有格¶

I am a friend of Michael's.

四、代词¶

1. 人称代词¶

	我	我们	你，你们	他	她	它	他们、她们，它们
主格	I	we	you	he	she	it	they
宾格	me	us	you	him	her	it	them

you and I 作主语

you and me 作宾语

2. 物主代词¶

	我的	我们的	你的，你们的	他的	她的	它的	他们的、她们的，它们的
形容词性	my	our	your	his	her	its	their
名词性	min	ours	yours	his	hers	its	theirs

3. 反身代词¶

	我自己	我们自己	你自己	你们自己	她自己	他自己	它自己	他们自己,她们自己	它们自己
反身代词	myself	ourself	yourself	yourselves	herself	himself	itself	themselves	itself

4. 相互代词¶

each other

one another

5. 指示代词¶

this, these

that, those

6. 不定代词¶

many 代替/修饰可数名词复数; much 代替/修饰不可数名词

a few （肯定意义）一些; few （否定意义）几乎没有 + 可数名词复数

a little （肯定意义）一些; little （否定意义）几乎没有 + 不可数名词

some 肯定句；any 否定语和疑问句

each 可作代词 2个/2个以上 ; every + 名词 3个/3个以上

either 两者中的每一个； neither 两者中的每一个都不。两者作主语是谓语用单数

both; all

other；the other; another

one; it

复合不定代词；everyone/everybody; someone/somebody; anyone/anybody; no one/nobody

7. 疑问代词¶

who

whom

what

which

whose

8. 连接代词¶

引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句；who whom whose what which whoever whomever whatever whichever

9. 关系代词¶

专用于定语从句：who whom whose which that as

五、数词¶

1.分类¶

1.1 基数词¶

1-10: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

11-19: eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen

20-90: twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety

几十几: twenty-one

百 hundred; 千 thousand; 百万 million; 千万 billion

表不确定数量：hundreds of; thousands of; millions of

1.2 序数词¶

第1-19: first(1st) second(2nd) third(3td) fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh(11th) twelfth(12th) thirteenth(13th) fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth

第20-90：twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth

第几十几：twenty-second, fifty-sixth

2. 用法¶

分数
1. 1/3 one third;
2. 3/5 three fifths;
3. one second = a half; one fourth = a quarter
4. two and one third
小数 one point three four
百分数 twenty-five percent
倍数
1. 倍数 + the + 计量 + of: This carrot is half/twice/three times the size of that one.
2. 倍数 + as ... as ...: I have half/twice/three times as many carrots as he has.
3. 倍数 + 比较级 + than: I can eat three times faster than he can.
4. by + 倍数: I have increased my income by three times.
数字符号和算数: 2 plus 2 is 4; 4 minus 2 is 2; 2 multiplied by/times 3 is 6; 8 divided by 4 is 2; 2 squared is 4; 2 cubed is 8; 4 is more than 3.
单位：
1. 时间： 7:00 at seven; 7:15 seven fifteen; 7:30 half past seven; 7:50 seven fifty
2. 日期：December 12th, 2020; 2020s
3. 长度：length; width; height
面积&体积
1. This room is 20 by 35 meters.
2. This room is 700 square meters.
3. This box is 8 by 5 by 6 centimeters.
温度 37 degrees (centigraded/Fahrenheit); 10 degrees below zero.

六、形容词¶

1. 用法¶

1.1 定语¶

1. 前置定语¶

a hungry rabbit

前置定语顺序：限定词(冠词，物主代词) + (主观)特征 + 尺寸 + 形状 + 新旧 + 颜色 + 来源 + 材料 + 用途

a beautiful big round new black Chinese wooden table.

2. 后置定语¶

somebody nice 某个好人

anybody absent 不在场的人

everything possible 所有可能的事

nothing wrong 没不对的事

3. 形容词短语作定语¶

carrots good for the rabbit

the rabbit eager to eat carrots = the rabbit that is eager to eat carrots.

the rabbit busy eating carrots = the rabbit that is busy eating carrots

1.2 表语¶

The rabbit is hungry.

The rabbit is alive/aleep/alone.

a living/sleeping/lonely rabbit

The rabbit is ill/well

a sick/healthy rabbit.

1.3 补语¶

Carrots make rabbits happy.

1.4 状语¶

The rabbit came home, tired and huntry.

2. 构成¶

2.1 形容词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词¶

a red-hot coal

a good-looking rabbit

a new-born baby

2.2 副词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词¶

all-round 全面的

hard-working

recently-built

2.3 形容词/数词+名词¶

white-haired

kind-hearted wowan

2.4 名词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词¶

a snow-white rabbit

a carrot-eating rabbit

a heart-broken rabbit

3. 比较级和最高级¶

3.1 构成¶

一般情况：long->longer->longest

e结尾：late->later->latest

辅音+y结尾：happy->happier->happiest

重读闭音节：big->bigger->biggest

多音节词/部分双音节：interesting->more interesting->most interesting

不规则：good->better->best

3.2 比较级用法¶

...比...更...：This carrot is bigger than that one.
越来越...：prettier and prettier, more and more beautiful
越...(原因),就越...(结果)：The more carrots the rabbit eats, the smarter he will become.

3.3 最高级用法¶

in+地点, of 所属范围：Migic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?
最高级前加序数词，表第几最：Migic mirror on the wall, who is the second fairest one of all?
the+最高级：Snow White is the most beautiful wowan in the world.

七、副词¶

1. 用法¶

1.1 修饰词性¶

修饰动词：This rabbit runs fast.
修饰形容词：This is a very fast rabbit.
修饰副词：This rabbit runs very fast.
修饰名词：This rabbit here runs very fast.
修饰句子：Obviously, This rabbit here runs very fast.

1.2 句子中的成分¶

状语，定语： Obviously, This rabbit here runs very fast.
表语：The wolf is abroad.
宾语补语：Let me in.

2. 副词的形式¶

同拼写，同义/近义
This is a fast(adj.) rabbit.
This rabbit run fast(adv.).
同拼写，异义
This is a pretty(adj.) wolf.
This is a pretty(adv.相对，很) smart wolf.
副词=形容词+ly，同义/近义
This is a quick rabbit.
This rabbit runs quickly.
副词=形容词+ly，异义
This is a large(大的) carrot.
I largely(adv.基本上) only eat carrots.

3. 副词的种类¶

3.1 方式副词¶

位于句首/句中/句尾

Suddenly, the driver turned left.

The driver suddenly turned left.

The driver turned left suddenly.

3.2 程度副词¶

一般位于所修饰词之前

This is a very fast rabbit.

This rabbit runs very fast.

3.3 地点副词¶

一般位于句尾，也可位于句首表强调

The rabbit eats carrots indoors/outdoors.

Here you can relax and forget about all your troubles.

3.4 时间副词¶

一般位于句尾，也可位于句首/句中

The rabbit ate some carrots yesterday.

The rabbit is eating some carrots now.

The rabbit will eat some carrots later.

The rabbit has already eaten some carrots.

3.5 频率副词¶

位于行为动词之前，be动词/助动词/情态动词之后

The rabbit eats carrots every day.

Sometimes, the rabbit eats carrots.

The rabbit usually eat carrots.

The rabbit eats carrots three times a day.

3.6 疑问副词¶

How does the rabbit eat carrots?

Where does the rabbit eat carrots?

When does the rabbit eat carrots?

Why does the rabbit eat carrots?

3.7 连接副词¶

How the rabbit eats carrots is interesting.

I don't know where the rabbit eats carrots.

That is why the rabbit eats carrots.

3.8 关系副词¶

This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.

This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.

This was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot.

3.9 句子副词¶

一般位于句子开头，用逗号与主句分开

Obviously, This rabbit here runs very fast.

八、连词¶

1. 并列连词¶

连接有着“并列的，同等语法地位的”单词，词组，句子

1.1 并列关系¶

The rabbit is smart and cute.

The rabbit not only teachers English but also make videos.

The rabbit like neither apples not pears.

Neither the rabbit nor the wolf likes apples.

1.2 选择关系¶

What does the rabbit like? Apples or carrots?

Either the rabbit or the wolf is going to the party this evening.

The rabbit neither ate nor slept yesterday.

Hurry up. or/or else/otherise you'll late.

1.3 转折关系¶

The rabbit cooked some carrots, but/yet he didn't eat any.

I haven't eaten yet, yet I'm not hungry.

1.4 因果关系¶

The rabbit is busy, so he won't go to the party tonight.

The rabbit is busy. Therefor, he won't go to the party tonight.

The rabbit will skip lunch, for he is busy making a video.

2. 从属连词¶

2.1 引导名词性从句¶

that在引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时，只起连接作用，在从句中没有实际意义，在宾语从句中可以省略。

That the rabbit ate the carrot was obvious.

I saw (that) the rabbit ate the carrot.

I don't know if the rabbit ate the carrot.

The fact is that the rabbit ate the carrot.

The question whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds.

2.2 引导副词性从句（状语从句）¶

时间状语从句连词：when, while, as, before, after, until, since

地点状语从句连词：where, wherever

比较状语从句连词：than, as

条件状语从句连词：if, unless

让步状语从句连词：although, though, enen though, enen if, while

方式状语从句连词：as, as if, as though

原因状语从句连词：because, since, as

目的状语从句连词：in order that, so that, so

结果状语从句连词：so...that..., such...that..., so...that..., so